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2025
An electrically injected vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser (VCSEL) with quantum-well-embedded InGaN quantum dots (QDs) as the active region was designed. The InGaN QD size and cavity length were optimized using PICS3D simulation software to achieve a high-performance InGaN QD-embedded VCSEL. A comparative analysis between the InGaN QD VCSEL and the traditional InGaN quantum well VCSEL was conducted, and the results demonstrated that the InGaN QD VCSEL achieved higher stimulated recombination radiation and internal quantum efficiency. The threshold current was reduced to 4 mA, corresponding to a threshold current density of 5.1 kA/cm², and the output power reached 4.4 mW at an injection current of 20 mA. A stable single-longitudinal-mode output was also achieved with an output wavelength of 436 nm. The proposed novel quantum-well-embedded QD active-region VCSEL was validated through theoretical simulations, confirming its feasibility. This study provides theoretical guidance and key epitaxial structural parameters for preparing high-performance VCSEL epitaxial materials.- Book : 12(3)
- Pub. Date : 2025
- Page : pp.276-276
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2025
Structural virology has emerged as the foundation for the development of effective antiviral therapeutics. It is pivotal in providing crucial insights into the three-dimensional frame of viruses and viral proteins at atomic-level or near-atomic-level resolution. Structure-based assessment of viral components, including capsids, envelope proteins, replication machinery, and host interaction interfaces, is instrumental in unraveling the multiplex mechanisms of viral infection, replication, and pathogenesis. The structural elucidation of viral enzymes, including proteases, polymerases, and integrases, has been essential in combating viruses like HIV-1 and HIV-2, SARS-CoV-2, and influenza. Techniques including X-ray crystallography, Nuclear Magnetic Resonance spectroscopy, Cryo-electron Microscopy, and Cryo-electron Tomography have revolutionized the field of virology and significantly aided in the discovery of antiviral therapeutics. The ubiquity of chronic viral infections, along with the emergence and reemergence of new viral threats necessitate the development of novel antiviral strategies and agents, while the extensive structural diversity of viruses and their high mutation rates further underscore the critical need for structural analysis of viral proteins to aid antiviral development. This review highlights the significance of structure-based investigations for bridging the gap between structure and function, thus facilitating the development of effective antiviral therapeutics, vaccines, and antibodies for tackling emerging viral threats.- Book : 17(3)
- Pub. Date : 2025
- Page : pp.417-417
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2025
Introduction: Diethyl nitrosamine (DEN), a known carcinogen, has been used for validating the RasH2 and P53 transgenic models in chemical testing and has been shown to enhance primary liver tumor growth in the ATT-Myc transgenic mouse model of liver cancer. Material and Methods: to better understand the mechanism of hepatocellular carcinoma acceleration following DEN, BHT and vehicles treatments in ATT-Myc, transgenic and non-transgenic, mice. We employed an exon array, RT-PCR, Western blotting, and IHC to investigate the complex interplay between the c-Myc transgene and other growth factors in treated mice versus control transgenic and non-transgenic mice. Results: Notably, DEN treatment induced a 12-fold increase in c-Myc expression compared to non-transgenic mice. Furthermore, tumor growth in the DEN group was strongly associated with increased proliferation of transformed or carcinogenic hepatocytes, as evidenced by proliferative cell nuclear antigen and bromodeoxyuridine expression. Internally, the loss of c-Met signaling, enriched transcription factors, and the diminished expression of antioxidants, such as superoxide dismutase (SOD1) and NRF2, further enhanced c-Myc-induced liver tumor growth as early as four months post-DEN treatment. Discussion: Extensive tumor growth was observed at 8.5 months, coinciding with the downregulation of tumor suppressors such as p53. In contrast, at these time points, ATT-Myc transgenic mice exhibited only dysplastic hepatocytes without tumor formation. Additionally, the antioxidant butylated hydroxytoluene maintained c-Met expression and did not promote liver tumor formation. Conclusions: the persistent upregulation of c-Myc in the ATT-Myc liver cancer model, at both the gene and protein levels following DEN treatment inhibited the ETS1 transcription factor, further exacerbating the decline of c-Met signaling, SOD1, and NRF2. These changes led to increased reactive oxygen species production and promoted rapid liver tumor growth.- Book : 13(3)
- Pub. Date : 2025
- Page : pp.743-743
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2025
AbstractIRF4, a transcription factor in the interferon regulatory factor family, is a key regulator in immune cell differentiation indicated to have an essential role in the development of lymphoid malignancies. Genome-wide association studies previously identified a set of overlapping mutations within the IRF4 DNA-binding domain in T-cell lymphoma and multiple myeloma, several of which appeared to be associated with better prognosis. Mapping these mutations to the known crystal structure of the IRF4:PU.1:DNA ternary complex and a new structure of the IRF4 DNA-binding domain in the apo state suggested they might interfere with DNA-binding, directly or via destabilisation of domain structure. We characterised these cancer-associated IRF4 mutants experimentally using the recombinant IRF4 DNA-binding domain (DBD)in vitroand examined the clinically relevant mutant K123Rin cellulo. Using fluorescence polarisation, surface plasmon resonance, differential scanning fluorimetry and molecular dynamics, we find that mutation may give rise to significant differences in DNA-binding kinetics and thermal stability without compromising the affinity of IRF4 DNA-binding. The K123R IRF4 mutant showed increased transcriptional activity via a luciferase reporter assay and increased nuclear partitioning, which may be preferentially selected for in multiple myeloma. We discuss our observations in relation to the improved prognosis conferred by this mutation.- Book : ()
- Pub. Date : 2025
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2025
Tobacco smoking remains the leading cause of preventable death globally. This study examines the effects of cigarette smoke (1R6F) and heated tobacco product (HTP) aerosols on microglial activation, cell proliferation, and proteomic changes under hypox-ia-reoxygenation (H/R) conditions, focusing on nicotine's role in oxidative stress, in-flammation, and Nrf2 pathway activation. H/R conditions significantly activated micro-glia, consistent with prior evidence linking hypoxic stress to neuroinflammatory re-sponses. Cigarette smoke exposure reduced microglial activation, while HTP aerosol and nicotine maintained cellular function, suggesting potentially lower cytotoxicity of HTPs. This supports findings that HTPs may produce fewer toxicants than traditional cigarettes, though long-term brain health impacts remain uncertain. Proteomic analysis indicated that H/R altered microglial protein expression, with 97 proteins related to RNA metab-olism, oxidative phosphorylation, and cellular stress responses. The increased expression of RNA-binding proteins suggests an adaptive response to oxidative damage. Both cigarette smoke and HTP aerosols influence oxidative stress-related proteins differently. Confocal microscopy showed that HTP and nicotine maintained Nrf2 nuclear transloca-tion, an antioxidant response, while cigarette smoke impaired Nrf2 activation, indicating higher oxidative stress and potential cellular damage. The differential activation of the Nrf2 antioxidant pathway suggests that HTPs may be less harmful than traditional cig-arettes, though their long-term effects on cerebrovascular health warrants further as-sessment.- Book : ()
- Pub. Date : 2025
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2025
- Book : 1075()
- Pub. Date : 2025
- Page : pp.170423-170423
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2025
Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (α7-nAChR) plays a crucial role in cognitive functions like memory and attention. Positron emission tomography (PET) imaging of α7-nAChR is gaining attraction for understanding and monitoring central nervous system disorders, such as Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, and schizophrenia. We developed [11C]KIn83, a novel α7-nAChR radioligand, and evaluated its biological properties. This study focused on two objectives: (1) to validate its Good Manufacturing Practice (GMP)-compliant production, and (2) to assess the dosimetry of [11C]KIn83 using non-human primate (NHP) whole-body PET data. Radiolabeling and drug product delivery of [11C]KIn83 were conducted using an automated synthesis module within a controlled GMP environment. The quality control tests performed adhered to the European Pharmacopoeia guidelines. The production of [11C]KIn83 was validated according to GMP standards, encompassing automated synthesis and quality control measures. For the dosimetry assessment, two female cynomolgus monkeys underwent whole-body PET scans. The radioactivity values injected for [11C]KIn83 were 150 MBq and 155 MBq, respectively, with an estimated radiation dose of 0.0047 mSv/MBq. Our findings pave the way for future clinical studies that investigate the potential of [11C]KIn83 to measure α7-nAChR, aiding our understanding and possibly supporting diagnoses of different cognitive disorders.- Book : 30(6)
- Pub. Date : 2025
- Page : pp.1356-1356
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2025
Abstract
Fennel and dill are well-known aromatic plants and are widely used commercially. They have also been recognized as a medicinal herb with numerous pharmacological activities. Thus, the interest in dill and fennel has been growing, and their industrial use is becoming more important. In this study, seeds of fennel and dill were extracted and analyzed using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled to quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC–QTOF/MS)-based metabolomics. Through 1D and 2D NMR analysis, a total of 34 primary metabolites were identified, and using UPLC–QTOF/MS, different chromatograms of dill and fennel were obtained in less than 20 min. In the multivariate statistical analysis of data obtained from NMR and MS, it was confirmed that seeds of dill and fennel discriminated clearly. Sugars and organic acids were identified as the primary metabolites contributing to significant differentiation of fennel and dill. Also, flavonoids, which were identified as secondary metabolites, significantly differentiated dill and fennel.- Book : ()
- Pub. Date : 2025
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2025
- Book : ()
- Pub. Date : 2025
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2025
- Book : ()
- Pub. Date : 2025
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