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Methylene blue (MB) has antioxidant properties, yet its role in acute lung injury (ALI) induced by hypothermic circulatory arrest (HCA) remains unexplored. This study investigates MB’s effects and underlying regulatory mechanisms in an HCA rat model. Rats received an intravenous bolus of MB (1 mg/kg) 15 min before HCA induction. Physiological parameters were monitored, and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) was collected 2 h postoperatively to assess total protein levels, inflammatory cells, and cytokines. Histopathological lung damage was evaluated using hematoxylin–eosin (H&E) and TUNEL staining. Inflammatory markers and oxidative stress indicators were measured via ELISA and dihydroethidium (DHE) staining. Alveolar macrophages (AMs) were isolated to analyze polarization using flow cytometry and immunofluorescence double staining. Pyroptosis in AMs was detected with Yo-Pro-1 and Hoechst 33342 staining. Additionally, Western blotting was performed to examine the nuclear factor erythroid-2 related factor 2 (Nrf2)/heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) pathway, Nod-like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome, and pyroptosis-related proteins. Following HCA, rats exhibited significant blood gas abnormalities, structural lung damage, increased pathological scores, and higher apoptosis rates. However, MB mitigated these effects, improving physiological parameters and reducing lung histopathology scores. MB also lowered proinflammatory cytokine levels, increased SOD and GSH-Px activity, promoted AM polarization toward the M2 phenotype, and decreased pyroptosis. Mechanistically, MB activated the Nrf2/HO-1 pathway while inhibiting NLRP3 inflammasome activation. Notably, Nrf2 inhibitors and NLRP3 agonists weakened MB’s protective effects by promoting inflammasome activation and pyroptosis, whereas Nrf2 agonists and NLRP3 inhibitors enhanced MB’s beneficial impact. In conclusion, MB attenuates HCA-induced ALI by modulating AM polarization and pyroptosis via Nrf2/HO-1 pathway activation and NLRP3 inflammasome inhibition.- Book : ()
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2025
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Abstract
The S/XB ratios (ionization events per emitted photon) allow one to relate spectroscopic emissivity measurements to the impurity influx from a localized source. In this work, we determine the tungsten influx by examining two dominant EUV (Extreme Ultraviolet) line emissions at 382.13 Å and 394.07 Å, corresponding to the 4f 14 5f → 4f 14 5d radiative transitions of the W5+ ion. The ground configurationof W$^{5+}$ consists of the ground level and a metastable level, with the latter having a higher population than the ground state. Therefore, a simple approach assuming that the transitions are independent, i.e., only populated by a unique level source, requires
correction.
To address this, we have developed a fully collisional–radiative modeling in which 430 levels contribute to the ionization. We have utilized three advanced computational codes – HULLAC (Hebrew University - Lawrence Livermore Atomic Code), AS (AutoStructure), and FAC (Flexible Atomic Code) – for the atomic structure calculations. These codes provide the necessary information such as wavelengths,
collisional and radiative transition rate coefficients. The FAC code was also used to calculate the direct electron-impact ionization under the distorted-wave approximation. We also included contributions to total ionization from excitation-autoionization processes up to $n = 15$ manifolds from the distorted-wave calculations. Subsequently, we used these results to ascertain the tungsten impurity influx in a
dedicated discharge of the EAST tokamak, which operates with full tungsten divertors.
In our findings, we observed that for the density range relevant to the edge region of a tokamak plasma, the S/XB ratios are almost independent of electron density but exhibit significant variation with electron temperature.- Book : ()
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2025
Background: Radiation-associated angiosarcoma of the breast (RAASB) is a rare secondary angiosarcoma that typically develops subsequent to breast-conserving therapy for breast cancer. The parameters of the resection width and depth remain the subject of considerable controversy. More recent data indicate that radical resection of the complete radiation field at the thorax is associated with improved local control and survival. Objectives: The present study investigates the radical resection technique of the entire radiation field and subsequent defect coverage in RAASB, as well as the medium-term follow-up. Design: Monocentric, retrospective, and non-comparative study. Methods: From January 2017 to January 2024 a total of 10 patients with RAASB were treated at our hospital. The radical resection technique was employed in the treatment of all patients, encompassing the entire radiation field. Three patients received local flaps (two of whom received vertical and transversal rectus abdominis muscle flaps and one received a local random pattern flap), while the remaining seven were treated with split-thickness skin grafts for defect coverage. Results: The median age at initial diagnosis of breast cancer was 59.3 ± 9.41 years, while that of RAASB was 66.2 ± 8.32 years. The median latency period between the start of irradiation of the chest wall and the initial presentation of RAASB was 6.5 ± 3.08 years. The cumulative median total radiation dose was 57.23 ± 8.34 Gray (cumulative Gray) in 9 of the 10 patients. The overall survival (OS) was 80% in the cohort, with a median follow-up period of 40.0 ± 27.96 months. Three patients exhibited local relapses following radical resection, with two of these patients ultimately succumbing to their condition. Conclusion: Patients with RAASB may benefit from a radical resection of the entire radiation field. Despite the relatively mutilating nature of the procedure, the radical resection technique may have the potential to reduce the rate of local recurrence and prolong OS. - Book : 17()
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2025
Dust growth is often indirectly inferred observationally in star-forming environments, is theoretically predicted to produce millimetre-sized particles in circumstellar discs, and has also acted on the predecessors of the terrestrial meteoritic record. For those reasons, it is believed that young gas giants under formation in protoplanetary discs that have putative circumplanetary discs (CPDs) surrounding them, such as PDS 70c, should contain millimetre-sized particles. We modelled the spectra of a set of CPDs, which we obtained from radiation hydrodynamic simulations at varying Rosseland opacities, κ_ R. The κ_ R from the hydrodynamic simulations are matched with consistent opacity sets of an interstellar-medium-like composition, but grown to larger sizes Our high κ_ R hydro data nominally corresponds to 10 μm-sized particles, and our low κ_ R cases correspond to millimetre-sized particles. We investigated the resulting broad spectral features at first, while keeping the overall optical depth in the planetary envelope constant. Dust growth to size distributions dominated by millimetre particles generally results in broad, featureless spectra with black-body like slopes in the far-infrared, while size distributions dominated by small dust develop steeper slopes in the far-infrared and maintain some features stemming from individual minerals. We find that significant dust growth from microns to millimetres can explain the broad features of the PDS 70c data, when upscaling the dust masses from our simulations by one hundred times. Furthermore, our results indicate that the spectral range of 30-500 μm is an ideal hunting ground for broadband features arising from the CPD, but that longer wavelengths observed with ALMA can also be used for massive CPDs.- Book : ()
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Gold nanoparticles (GNPs) have gained significant attention as multifunctional agents in biomedical applications, particularly for enhancing radiotherapy. Their advantages, including low toxicity, high biocompatibility, and excellent conductivity, make them promising candidates for improving treatment outcomes across various radiation sources, such as femtosecond lasers, X-rays, Cs-137, and proton beams. However, a deeper understanding of their precise mechanisms in radiotherapy is essential for maximizing their therapeutic potential. This review explores the role of GNPs in enhancing reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation through plasmon-induced hot electrons or radiation-induced secondary electrons, leading to cellular damage in organelles such as mitochondria and the cytoskeleton. This additional pathway enhances radiotherapy efficacy, offering new therapeutic possibilities. Furthermore, we discuss emerging trends and future perspectives, highlighting innovative strategies for integrating GNPs into radiotherapy. This comprehensive review provides insights into the mechanisms, applications, and potential clinical impact of GNPs in cancer treatment.- Book : 15(4)
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2025
Lithium is a metal with a highly promising outlook for future global demand. Its industrial processing relies on two primary methods: production from brines through solar evaporation ponds and production from rock sources via flotation, roasting, and subsequent leaching. Chile is currently the world’s second-largest producer of lithium, surpassed only by Australia. However, Chile’s lithium production process is significantly advantaged by the exceptionally high lithium concentration in the Salar de Atacama—the highest in the world—and the region’s high solar radiation, which enables the most cost-effective solar evaporation process globally. Despite these comparative advantages, Chile’s lithium production has stagnated in recent years. This stagnation can be attributed to the need for more flexible legislation surrounding the lithium industry or an increase in the number of CEOLs (Lithium Exploitation Contracts) to regain its position as the leading global producer of lithium. Furthermore, increased investment in national universities and research centers is essential to foster the development and implementation of new, clean technologies for future projects. By addressing these challenges, Chile has the potential to solidify its role as a key player in the global lithium market while promoting sustainable industrial practices.- Book : 14(2)
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