Abstract Space travel is a growing area of interest and includes initiatives such as NASA’s Moon-to-Mars Mission. Reports on the cardiovascular effects of space travel reveal changes in morphology, metabolism, and function of the cardiovascular system. In this study, the cardiovascular response to immunization in space was studied in mice which were housed and immunized while on the International Space Station (ISS). Mice were immunized with tetanus toxoid combined with the adjuvant CpG (TT + CpG) and the effects of vaccination in space were studied using transcriptomics. Analysis of the mouse heart transcriptome was performed on flight control and flight-immunized mice. The results show that immunization aboard the ISS stimulates heightened inflammation in the heart via induction of the nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) signaling pathway to promote the release of the pro-inflammatory cytokines IFNγ, IL-17 and IL-6. Additional transcriptomic changes included alterations in the cytoskeleton and in the expression of transcripts associated with protection from oxidative stress. In summary, inflammation in the heart can occur following immunization in space. This investigation explores the impact of immune challenges on the heart and lays the groundwork for future research into additional cardiac alterations which can occur during spaceflight.

• Book : 26(1)
• Pub. Date : 2025
• Page :
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We present a study of magnetic transport and radiation properties during compression of a magnetized laboratory plasma. A theta pinch is used to produce a magnetized plasma column undergoing radial implosion, with plasma parameters comprehensively measured through diverse diagnostic techniques. High-resolution observations show the implosion progressing through three stages: compression, expansion, and recompression. An anomalous demagnetization phenomenon is observed during the first compression stage, wherein the magnetic field at the plasma center is depleted as the density increases. We reveal the demagnetization mechanism and formulate a straightforward criterion for determining its occurrence, through analysis based on extended-magnetohydrodynamics theory and a generalized Ohm’s law. Additionally, we quantitatively evaluate the radiation losses and magnetic field variations during the two compression stages, providing experimental evidence that magnetic transport can influence the radiation properties by altering the plasma hydrodynamics. Furthermore, extrapolated results using our findings reveal direct relevance to magnetized inertial confinement fusion, space, and astrophysical plasma scenarios.

• Book : 10(3)
• Pub. Date : 2025
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The Crilin calorimeter is a semi-homogeneous calorimetric system that uses Lead Fluoride (PbF2) crystals with UV-extended Silicon Photomultipliers (SiPMs). Proposed for the Muon Collider, it requires high granularity to distinguish signal particles and address substructures for jet identification. Anticipating substantial occupancy due to beam-induced backgrounds, simulations indicate a photon flux with an average energy of 1.7 MeV and approximately 4.5 MHz/cm2 fluence rate. Prioritizing time-of-arrival measurements within the calorimeter is crucial for associating clusters with interaction vertices. The calorimeter’s energy resolution is vital for determining jet kinematics. Extensive radiation hardness studies confirm the system’s effectiveness when operating in a challenging radiation environment, with exposure up to 10 kGy/year total ionizing dose (TID) and a neutron fluence equivalent to 1014 neutrons 1 MeV/cm2/year. Prototype (Proto-1), with two layers of 3×3 PbF2 crystals, achieved a timing resolution below 50 ps for energy deposits exceeding 1 GeV during 2023 tests. A comprehensive overview, including mechanics, electronics, and test beam outcomes, is presented. Construction is underway for a larger 9 9 crystal matrix prototype with 5 layers, to be completed in 2024. Testing is scheduled for the summer of 2025.

• Book : 320()
• Pub. Date : 2025
• Page : pp.00023-00023
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Abstract Objective To report our initial experience using a simple principle that helps mini-endoscopic relocation of the guidewire into renal pelvis, ureter or upper calyx to improve percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PNL) puncture efficacy and enable safe dilatation. Methods A hydrophilic guidewire (sensor) was introduced through the access needle to calyx with a casting stone. 8 F Alken guide rod was passed over the guidewire followed by serial dilatation until the 4th Alken dilator (18F). Mini-perc outer sheath (18 F) was passed over under fluoroscopic guidance. A 8/11 Fr semirigid ureteroscope was progressed through the mini-perc sheath. A second sensor guidewire was passed, negotiated at the side of the stone to run through the infundibulum and renal pelvis down to the ureter or up to upper calyx under direct ureteroscopic vision. Routine tract dilatation by sequential rigid Alken metal dilators was done to enlarge the tract to 30 Fr. Results Our technique was employed on 14 (23%) out of 61 cases of PNL. Mean patient age was 47.5 yrs. Average stone size was 4.3 cm. Mean mini-endoscopic time taken to relocate the guidewire into the ureter or upper calyx was 63 s. Mini-endoscopic fluoroscopy time from introduction of ureteroscope to passage of sensor guidewire into ureter or upper calyx was 7.7 s. No mini-endoscopic access complication reported. Conclusion The mini-endoscopic access directs and facilitates initial percutaneous access and dilatation safely with reducing radiation exposure. Technique novelty is due to being a simple, safe, effective, economic and benefit in simplifying the early learning curve of PNL.

• Book : 31(1)
• Pub. Date : 2025
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ABSTRACT Cardiac computed tomography (CT) has evolved significantly as a critical tool in diagnosing and managing cardiac diseases, greatly facilitated by technological advancements in multidetector systems, dose-reduction techniques, and sophisticated imaging algorithms. This article discusses the historical progression and technological evolution in cardiac CT (CCT), focusing on the impact of 64-multidetector row CT and dual-energy CT systems on improving spatial and temporal resolutions and reducing radiation exposure. It explores the role of these technologies in enhancing diagnostic accuracy, such as through detailed three-dimensional reconstructions and minimized imaging artifacts. Furthermore, it highlights the integration of machine learning to automate complex imaging analysis and photon-counting CT, which promises higher resolution and further dose reduction. Prospective studies and ongoing trials such as FASTTRACK coronary artery bypass grafting also underscore the potential of advanced CT technologies in refining procedural planning and execution. The continuous advancements in detector technology, computational techniques, and image reconstruction are poised to expand the applications and efficacy of CCT, cementing its role in modern cardiology.

• Book : ()
• Pub. Date : 2025
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The paper presents the results of material testing for the purpose of obtaining radiator material – acomposite coating with neutron conversion material – for ionization chambers (IC) which contain the 6Li isotope and convert neutron radiation to a flux of high-energy charged particles through the 6Li(n, α)3H nuclear reaction. The proposed method for forming lithium-containing radiator material allows ensuring a high temperature resistance of up to 600 °C and a mechanical strength at the expense of adhesion to the IC electrode material (grade 321 steel). The advantages of a lithium-containing radiator, compared to a boron radiator, are explained by the smaller cross-section of the 6Li-neutron interaction: the smaller efficiency of the 'neutron → charged particle' conversion is made up for by a high power density and a prolonged free path of reaction products in the radiator material, which makes it possible to increase the surface density of 6Li atoms, while reducing the extent of 'burnup' in neutron fields. The IC electrode radiator material consists of a two-layer composite coating comprising an adhesive silicate layer and a functional neutron-sensitive lithium fluoride layer. Measurements at an alpha spectrometric facility have shown that the coating has a high energy output (~ 2.8·10–3 MeV/neutron), which remains stable after four thermal cycles of up to 600 °C. The coating is resistant to vibration when exposed to frequencies of 35 to 200 Hz. The paper presents the results of testing the IC mockup with a lithium-containing radiator material. When irradiated with a neutron flux of 6·103 cm–2·s–1, the IC mockup sensitivity value was about 10–15A·s·cm2/neutron, which agrees with the calculated value.

• Book : 11(1)
• Pub. Date : 2025
• Page : pp.65-70
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Double- and single-differential cross sections for inclusive charged-current νμ-nucleus scattering are reported for the kinematic domain 0 to 2  GeV/c in three-momentum transfer and 0 to 2 GeV in available energy, at a mean νμ energy of 1.86 GeV. The measurements are based on an estimated 995,760 νμ charged-current (CC) interactions in the scintillator medium of the NOvA Near Detector. The subdomain populated by 2-particle-2-hole (2p2h) reactions is identified by the cross section excess relative to predictions for νμ-nucleus scattering that are constrained by a data control sample. Models for 2-particle-2-hole processes are rated by χ2 comparisons of the predicted-versus-measured νμ CC inclusive cross section over the full phase space and in the restricted subdomain. Shortfalls are observed in neutrino generator predictions obtained using the theory-based València and SuSAv2 2p2h models. Published by the American Physical Society 2025

• Book : 111(5)
• Pub. Date : 2025
• Page :
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BackgroundDangua Fang (DGF) is a traditional Chinese herbal formula widely used to regulate glucolipid metabolism. Nuclear factor, interleukin-3 regulated (NFIL3) plays a regulatory role in intestinal fat absorption and energy metabolism. Gut microbiota can modulate NFIL3 expression and affect host metabolism.PurposeThis study aimed to investigate the effects of DGF or NFIL3 inhibition on the gut microbiota and their metabolites in mice with glucolipid metabolism disorder (GLMD) and explore the relationship between DGF anti-GLMD effects and those of direct NFIL3 inhibition.MethodsA GLMD mouse model was established by induction with a high-glucose and high-fat diet. The mice were divided into the control group (CG), model group (MG), DGF group (DFG), DGF + siRNA group (DFSG), and siRNA group (SG). The mice were administered sterile water, DGF, and/or intraperitoneal injections of siRNA-NFIL3 or normal saline for 15 weeks, following which glucolipid metabolic indicators, NFIL3 levels, and histopathological alterations in the liver and small intestinal tissues were evaluated. Additionally, the gut microbiota and differential metabolites were analysed, and linear regression analysis was conducted between gut microbial species and metabolic indicators to assess the role of the gut microbiota in metabolic regulation.ResultsSignificant differences were observed between the CG and MG groups for various indicators. Compared with that in the MG group, the GLMD in the DFG, DFSG, and SG groups was significantly improved, and the pathological morphology of the liver and small intestine was altered. The NFIL3 mRNA and protein expression levels in the serum, liver, and small intestine were significantly decreased. The relative abundance of Bacteroidota decreased, whereas that of Firmicutes increased, and changes in the gut microbiota significantly correlated with serum total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), and free fatty acid (FFA) levels. Moreover, lipid metabolism-related pathways were significantly altered in all three intervention groups.ConclusionDGF reduced NFIL3 expression in GLMD mice, regulated the gut microbiota and their metabolites, and altered lipid metabolism-related pathways, with anti-GLMD effects similar to those of direct NFIL3 inhibition.

• Book : ()
• Pub. Date : 2025
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The study examines the relationship between emotional nurturance and cognitive development in preschool-aged children in Western Tarai, Nepal. The research involved 391 preschoolers from diverse socio-economic backgrounds, analyzing factors such as health-caregiver education, occupation, caste/ethnicity, and family structure. Results showed that age and certain socio-economic factors significantly influenced cognitive outcomes. Children aged 36-48 months had higher cognitive scores, and children from joint families scored higher than those from nuclear families. Children from disadvantaged caste backgrounds showed lower cognitive outcomes compared to those from advantaged castes. Emotional nurturance was positive but not significantly associated with cognitive development after adjustments. Socio-economic disparities, particularly caste and family structure, significantly influence cognitive outcomes among young children. Policies targeting socio-economic inequities are needed to promote equitable cognitive development, preventive public health, especially in pre-school children. Supportive interventions focusing on joint family systems and educational opportunities for mothers may further enhance cognitive outcomes in rural settings.

• Book : 22(3)
• Pub. Date : 2025
• Page : pp.em643-em643
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Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (α7-nAChR) plays a crucial role in cognitive functions like memory and attention. Positron emission tomography (PET) imaging of α7-nAChR is gaining attraction for understanding and monitoring central nervous system disorders, such as Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, and schizophrenia. We developed [11C]KIn83, a novel α7-nAChR radioligand, and evaluated its biological properties. This study focused on two objectives: (1) to validate its Good Manufacturing Practice (GMP)-compliant production, and (2) to assess the dosimetry of [11C]KIn83 using non-human primate (NHP) whole-body PET data. Radiolabeling and drug product delivery of [11C]KIn83 were conducted using an automated synthesis module within a controlled GMP environment. The quality control tests performed adhered to the European Pharmacopoeia guidelines. The production of [11C]KIn83 was validated according to GMP standards, encompassing automated synthesis and quality control measures. For the dosimetry assessment, two female cynomolgus monkeys underwent whole-body PET scans. The radioactivity values injected for [11C]KIn83 were 150 MBq and 155 MBq, respectively, with an estimated radiation dose of 0.0047 mSv/MBq. Our findings pave the way for future clinical studies that investigate the potential of [11C]KIn83 to measure α7-nAChR, aiding our understanding and possibly supporting diagnoses of different cognitive disorders.

• Book : 30(6)
• Pub. Date : 2025
• Page : pp.1356-1356
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