Tobacco smoking remains the leading cause of preventable death globally. This study examines the effects of cigarette smoke (1R6F) and heated tobacco product (HTP) aerosols on microglial activation, cell proliferation, and proteomic changes under hypox-ia-reoxygenation (H/R) conditions, focusing on nicotine's role in oxidative stress, in-flammation, and Nrf2 pathway activation. H/R conditions significantly activated micro-glia, consistent with prior evidence linking hypoxic stress to neuroinflammatory re-sponses. Cigarette smoke exposure reduced microglial activation, while HTP aerosol and nicotine maintained cellular function, suggesting potentially lower cytotoxicity of HTPs. This supports findings that HTPs may produce fewer toxicants than traditional cigarettes, though long-term brain health impacts remain uncertain. Proteomic analysis indicated that H/R altered microglial protein expression, with 97 proteins related to RNA metab-olism, oxidative phosphorylation, and cellular stress responses. The increased expression of RNA-binding proteins suggests an adaptive response to oxidative damage. Both cigarette smoke and HTP aerosols influence oxidative stress-related proteins differently. Confocal microscopy showed that HTP and nicotine maintained Nrf2 nuclear transloca-tion, an antioxidant response, while cigarette smoke impaired Nrf2 activation, indicating higher oxidative stress and potential cellular damage. The differential activation of the Nrf2 antioxidant pathway suggests that HTPs may be less harmful than traditional cig-arettes, though their long-term effects on cerebrovascular health warrants further as-sessment.

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• Pub. Date : 2025
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• Pub. Date : 2025
• Page : pp.101761-101761
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Abstract Plasma fluence at the divertor of a future magnetic confinement fusion device can accumulate up to ~1028-1029 m-2 per year. Yet hydrogen isotope retention under such high-fluence plasma exposure has been rarely reported. To investigate deuterium (D) retention in tungsten (W) exposed to such high-fluence plasma, a series of high-flux D plasma exposures were preformed using recrystallized W samples at ~500 K in Magnum-PSI. The highest fluence achieved was ~1×1029 m-2. Surface morphology observations indicate an initial increase in the number of blisters at the sample surface with increasing fluence, followed by saturation at ~1×1029 m-2. Multiple bursts of blisters with open cracks or edges were observed under the two highest fluences of ~1×1028 m-2 and ~1×1029 m-2. 3He nuclear reaction analysis (NRA) shows a maximum D concentration up to 0.012 at.fr., distributed within the first 4 μm from the sample surface under the highest fluence. D retention, as measured by NRA and thermal desorption spectroscopy, tends to saturate with increasing fluence. Simulations of D2 thermal desorption, performed using the TMAP rate equation code, show a maximum D trapping depth of ~10 µm, consistent with the defect depth profile revealed by transmission electron microscopy. D retention saturation observed in this work is attributed to the sample surface morphology modifications and the saturation of plasma-induced defects. This investigation provides a valuable reference for understanding the evolution of total hydrogen isotope retention in W under high-fluence plasma exposure in future fusion devices.

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• Pub. Date : 2025
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Variations in solar energy when it reaches the Earth impact the production of photovoltaic (PV) solar plants and, in turn, the dynamics of clean energy expansion. This incentivizes the objective of experimentally forecasting solar energy by parametric models, the results of which are then refined by machine learning methods (MLMs). To estimate solar energy, parametric models consider all atmospheric, climatic, geographic, and spatiotemporal factors that influence decreases in solar energy. In this study, data on ozone, evenly mixed gases, water vapor, aerosols, and solar radiation were gathered throughout the year in the mid-north area of Mozambique. The results show that the calculated solar energy was close to the theoretical solar energy under a clear sky. When paired with MLMs, the clear-sky index had a correlational order of 0.98, with most full-sun days having intermediate and clear-sky types. This suggests the potential of this area for PV use, with high correlation and regression coefficients in the range of 0.86 and 0.89 and a measurement error in the range of 0.25. We conclude that evenly mixed gases and the ozone layer have considerable influence on transmittance. However, the parametrically forecasted solar energy is close to the energy forecasted by the theoretical model. By adjusting the local characteristics, the model can be used in diverse contexts to increase PV plants’ electrical power output efficiency.

• Book : 10(3)
• Pub. Date : 2025
• Page : pp.37-37
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No Brasil, todo Serviço de Medicina Nuclear precisa apresentar um memorial de blindagem aos órgãos reguladores antes da construção e do início de suas atividades. As dependências de instalações radiativas devem possuir blindagens suficientes para manter as doses recebidas pelo público e pelos Indivíduos Ocupacionalmente Expostos dentro dos níveis de referência estabelecidos pelas resoluções da Comissão Nacional de Energia Nuclear. A blindagem consiste na adoção de barreiras físicas adicionais às estruturas existentes, com intuito de atenuar a radiação ionizante proveniente das fontes existentes nas instalações, o que requer cálculos complexos devido às muitas variáveis envolvidas, uma vez que em medicina nuclear utilizam-se fontes não seladas de radiação ionizante e os próprios pacientes se tornam fontes radioativas. Poucos documentos até hoje foram publicados sobre o tema e, até o momento, não foi encontrada na literatura uma publicação que reúna de forma clara todas as informações e orientações necessárias para realização de cálculos de blindagem de instalações de medicina nuclear. O objetivo deste trabalho é apresentar um guia com bases metodológicas e uma linha de raciocínio lógica para realização de cálculos de blindagem em medicina nuclear no Brasil, reunindo as definições e considerações encontradas na literatura.

• Book : 19()
• Pub. Date : 2025
• Page : pp.799-799
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Nuclear medium effects on B+ meson production are studied using the binary-collision scaled cross section ratio between events of different charged-particle multiplicities from proton-lead collisions. Data, collected by the CMS experiment in 2016 at a nucleon-nucleon center-of-mass energy of sNN=8.16  TeV, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 175  nb−1, were used. The scaling factors in the ratio are determined using a novel approach based on the Z→μ−μ+ cross sections measured in the same events. The scaled ratio for B+ is consistent with unity for all event multiplicities, putting stringent constraints on nuclear modification for heavy flavor. © 2025 CERN, for the CMS Collaboration 2025 CERN

• Book : 134(11)
• Pub. Date : 2025
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The review presents general information about the tumor cell microenvironment, its role in the development and progression of the malignant process and the results of antitumor therapy. The analysis showed that the development of methods for influencing the key metabolic targets of tumor cells and their microenvironment is a promising direction in experimental and clinical oncology. Some approaches to inducing metabolic modulation are considered: inhibitors of cellular pumps, hyperglycemia and hyperthermia. The therapeutic effect of the first two induction options is based on modulation of the acid-base balance (pH) of the tumor. The biological effect of hyperthermia is broader and directly depends on the severity and direction of the temperature-exposure mode of heating. Ultimately, such changes lead to an increase in the damaging effect of ionizing radiation and drugs on the tumor. Despite the fact that the composition of the microenvironment is heterogeneous and varies depending on the type of tumor, some specific cells and mediators are present in all its types. Therefore, the developed treatment methods can be universal for most tumor locations.

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• Pub. Date : 2025
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• Pub. Date : 2025
• Page : pp.100876-100876
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We report on the phosphorescence of singlet oxygen photogenerated through a stimulated Raman process. Nanosecond radiation in the green spectral region focused on hexane and carbon tetrachloride induces a Raman transition of the dissolved solvent oxygen molecules towards the singlet oxygen state, producing a Stokes signal in the near-infrared. The excited oxygen relaxes to the ground, emitting an infrared photon at 1272 nm. While the Stokes signal’s wavelength changes with the light’s wavelength, the wavelength of the phosphorescent photon remains unaltered. The result confirms previous reports on the stimulated Raman excitation of singlet oxygen.

• Book : 5(1)
• Pub. Date : 2025
• Page : pp.7-7
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Abstract While the implication of a dysfunctional dopaminergic system in Tourette syndrome (TS) is well established, the underlying pathophysiological mechanisms remain unclear. Apart from neurotransmitters, disturbed iron homeostasis and iron regulatory mechanisms are also suspected. Iron is a trace element of fundamental biological importance and is involved in the synthesis and metabolism of dopamine and its receptors and transporters. The goal of the current pre-registered, multi-modal, cross-sectional study was to investigate the relationship between potential iron homeostasis imbalances and dopaminergic system disturbances in patients with TS. Susceptibility-sensitive magnetic resonance imaging at 7T was used to obtain surrogate measures for local brain iron in 25 patients with TS (age 30±9 years, 6 female) and 40 matched control subjects. Additionally, dopamine D1 receptor availability was investigated with [11C]SCH23390 positron emission tomography in a subgroup of 20 patients and 20 controls. Significantly reduced subcortical magnetic susceptibility, indicating reduced iron levels, was observed in TS patients in the caudate, pallidum, subthalamic nucleus, thalamus, red nucleus, and substantia nigra. These reductions were accompanied by significant reductions of the [11C]SCH23390 binding potential indicating reduced availability of D1 receptors in the dorsal striatum. The D1 receptor abnormality correlated with tic severity. These results point to alterations of intrasynaptic dopamine release and reduced striatal D1 receptor binding, supporting the notion of disruption in multiple functional elements of the dopaminergic system. Such dopaminergic abnormalities appear to be associated with disturbances in iron homeostasis.

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• Pub. Date : 2025
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