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2025
Abstract
Inertial confinement fusion (ICF) is one of the primary methods for achieving controlled nuclear fusion, which is closely related to energy security and national security. High peak-power laser systems are utilized in ICF experiments to compress the capsule which contains a solid hydrogen layer, making the ice layer highly compressed so as to initiate ignition. To achieve an ignition with a cryogenic target, the fuel ice layer (DT or D2) in the target needs to be highly symmetrical, uniform and smooth. To better control the ice preparation process, specific procedures of temperature control are crucial and needs to be investigated [1]. Based on the Level Set multiphase [2, 3] model and the phase change model, a numerical model is established to simulate the coupled process of heat transfer, melting and multiphase flow of D2 ice in the target. Phase change is realized using a modified heat capacity method, in which the phase change material is modeled as a liquid with temperature-dependent capacity [4]. The effects of the temperature boundary and the initial ice layer distribution on the coupled process are investigated. The results show that a vertical downward temperature gradient is more conducive to matching the melting process the fluid flow process. For an initial uniformly distributed ice layer, both the rising distance of the vapor-phase region and the melting time of the ice increase with increasing ice volume, while the rising time decreases significantly. A non-uniform initial ice layer distribution leads to a greater deviation in the melting time compared to the case of a uniform initial ice layer. As the ice volume increases, the required deviation distance for the vapor phase region to convert a non-uniform fuel layer into a uniform fuel layer after ice melting increases. Our work contributes to the optimization of the parameters involved in the preparation of D2 ice layers, which is of great significance to enhance the energy security guarantee capability.- Book : ()
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2025
Abstract
Synchrotron microbeam radiotherapy (MRT) is an innovative cancer treatment that uses micron-sized of ultra-high dose rate spatially fractionated X-rays to effectively control cancer growth while reducing the damage to surrounding healthy tissue. However, the current pre-clinical experiments are commonly limited with the use of conventional two-dimensional cell cultures which cannot accurately model in vivo tissue environment. This study aims to propose a three-dimensional (3D) bioprinting gelatin methacryloyl (GelMA) hydrogel protocol and to characterize 3D bioprinted glioma relative to cell monolayer and spheroid models for experimental MRT using 9L rat gliosarcoma and U87 human glioma. Synchrotron broad-beam (SBB) and MRT beams were delivered to all cell models using 5, 10, and 20 Gy. 3D bioprinting enables the creation of 3D cell models that mimic in vivo conditions using bioinks, biomaterials, and cells. Synchrotron dosimetry, Monte Carlo simulation, in vitro cell viability, and fluorescence microscopy were performed to understand the relationship of the radiation dosimetry with the radiobiological response of different cancer models. Encapsulated gliomas were placed inside 3D printed human and rat phantoms to mimic scattering conditions. Results showed that MRT kills more gliomas relative to SBB for all cell models. The 3D bioprinted culture detected the spatial clustering of dead cells due to MRT high peak doses as seen in fluorescence imaging. The result of this study progresses MRT research by integrating 3D bioprinting techniques in radiobiological experiments. The study’s bioprinting protocol and results will help in reducing the use of animal experiments and possibly in clinical translation of MRT.- Book : 15(1)
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2025
Proton decay detection could put in evidence physics beyond the Standard Model (BSM). In this context, multiple projects are searching for such events. We focused our work on two of the expected decay modes, [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text]. Neutrinos are particles that interact very weakly with matter, so they are not of interest in our work. The detector materials investigated in this study include liquid argon (LAr), liquid xenon (LXe), and water (H2O). Our analysis focuses on two key effects relevant to this decay process: the Fermi motion of nucleons and final state interactions. In addition to these effects, we have also examined the nuclear interaction of particles with the nuclei of the medium. This paper presents values for nucleon energy distribution, cross-sections, mean free paths, and interaction probabilities. - Book : 40(13n14)
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The dependence of polyethylene deformation on applied mechanical stress under varying load conditions and radiation doses was investigated experimentally. Obtained results reveal significant alterations in the mechanical properties of polyethylene following irradiation with krypton ions at doses of 1.5 × 106, 1.6 × 107, 5.0 × 108, and 1.0 × 109 ions/s. The stress–strain curves obtained for both the unirradiated and irradiated samples are numerically modeled using frameworks developed by the authors. The findings indicate that irradiation with krypton ions at an energy level of 147 MeV exerts a pronounced impact on the deformation and strength characteristics of polyethylene. Notably, increasing the radiation dose to 109 particles/s results in a 2.5-fold increase in the rate of mechanical stress. Furthermore, the degree of deformation distortions in molecular chains induced by high-energy Kr15+ ion irradiation has been quantified as a function of irradiation fluence. Increasing the irradiation fluence from 106 ion/cm2 to 107 ion/cm2 causes only minor variations in deformation distortions, which are attributed to the localized isolation of latent tracks and associated changes in electron density. A comparative analysis of the mechanical behavior of irradiated polymer materials further revealed differences between ion and electron irradiation effects. It was observed that Teflon films lose their plasticity after irradiation, whereas polyethylene films exhibit enhanced elongation and tearing performance at higher strain values relative to their non-irradiated counterparts. This behavior was consistently observed for films irradiated with both ions and electrons. However, an important distinction was identified: high-energy electron irradiation degrades the strength of polyethylene, whereas krypton ion irradiation at 147 MeV does not result in strength reduction.- Book : 17(8)
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